Dissecting Transference and Countertransference Essay

Transference and countertransference are feelings towards an individual which are brought about by past experiences and relationships.   These feelings occur unconsciously and can be positive or negative in nature. Transference is often carried by the patient into the clinician-patient relationship as brought about by their history with past figures of authority in their lives. (Pearson, 2001) For example, a patient may perceive the clinician to be similar to his or her mother and as such views them as a nurturing figure whom he or she then strives hard to please. Countertransference, in the medical setting, is brought by the clinician and is usually seen in his or her negative feelings towards the patient again as a result of previous experiences he or she had early on in life. (Pearson, 2001) The effects of those previous experiences are triggered by the clincian’s encounter with the patient. For example, a clinician might be more caring and compassionate towards a patient that reminds him or her of his or her grandparents thus invoking similar filial emotions for the patient. The concepts of transference and countertransference were first described by Sigmund Freud as emotions patients and doctors projected on each other, which had come from past experiences.   The two terms are used frequently in psychoanalytical literature and occur in many instances of psychoanalytic treatment. The role projection plays on both transference and countertransference was emphasized not only by Freud but also by many other members of the medical community. Projection takes place more often in clinician-patient relationships than in other settings. The definition of projection as a means of adaptation and communication, a form of defense mechanism by the individual, provides insight to its frequency in medical settings. (Waska, 1999) The patient faced with his or her illness and the clinician faced with the task of aiding the patient may revert to projection in order to cope with their different tasks. Therefore, transference and countertransference occur as an aftermath of the dynamics of the said projection as well as of the initial relationship between the patient and the clinician. (Waska, 1999) In physical therapy, patient therapist relationships are important factors in the rehabilitation process.   Therapists need to be effective communicators and develop rapports with patients that facilitate trust, compliance, and comfort.   A patient who projects unconsciously past experiences into their new and present reality can create a barrier in the relationship and hinder their progress. Transference and countertransference brought about by these projections are the most direct causes for the communication barriers – barriers that can lead to detrimental and even fatal results in the patient’s treatment. These work through mechanisms produced through positive feelings, such as a patient who sees the therapist as a nurturer figure and tries to please the therapist and therefore does not disclose functional deficits, which are not improving, and report only positive.   Negative feelings can also create a barrier in that the patient becomes hostile or resistive toward the therapist’s suggestions and plans. (Pearson, 2001) The maladaptive effects of transference and countertransference may be lessened by a conscious effort on the part of the clinician as well as of the patient. Both must strive to understand the dynamics of their relationship. The clinician must be able to provide insights into his or her true character and thus help the patient resolve distortions brought about by transference. The clinician must also actively acknowledge the underlying needs posed by the patient’s transference as well as actively respond to his or her own projection and countertransference. (Pearson, 2001; Waska, 1999) Studies continue to explore the possibilities of using the mechanisms of transference and countertransference to make medical relationships more effective in aiding treatment. References Pearson, L. (2001). The clinician-patient experience: understanding transference and countertransference. Nurse Practitioner, Retrieved 06 February 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3958/is_200106/ai_n8996743 Waska, R. T. (1999). Projective identification, countertransference, and the struggle for understanding over acting out. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8, 155-161

Barriers of Communication Essay

Everyone has experienced, at one time or another frustration of feeling misunderstood and being unable to make us understood by others. Communication should be simple but is often difficult because people tend to create barriers. Barriers often lead to your message becoming unclear and confusing to others. For communication to become more effective one has to overcoming these barriers to send a clear message. Cultural Differences can be a barrier to communication because of the variations between cultures and the different background, beliefs and opinions of others. Some people may think your being racist because of the way you speak to them and if you argue back to them about their opinions and beliefs, they may get offended. Cultural Differences can also be the way people dress, their religions, interests and the kind of food they may eat. Read more:  Identify different reasons why people communicate  essay Also certain hand gestures in America may have different meaning in other countries which could distort your message. A way to overcome this barrier is to respect other people’s opinions and beliefs and to educate yourself. Foreign languages are also barriers to communicate because you might attempt to speak to someone in English but the other person may speak Spanish. You wouldn’t be able to communicate with them due to the language you speak. A way to overcome this barrier would be attempting to use the other individual’s preferred spoken language to communicate or get an interpreter to help you. One barrier of communication can be the surroundings of which the communication is going to take place. The space of which the communication is being held is very important, as it is vital that all people communicating can see one another’s facial expressions. Since we spend more time hitting the letters on a keypad than actually participating in face-to-face communication it is important to try and overcome this barrier when possible. For example when you’re having a conversation with another via text messaging or emails it is very easy for the message to be misinterpreted because emotions are sometimes hardier to decipher. A lot of communication is based on body language when talking face to face. When we communicate things that we care about, we do so mainly using nonverbal signals. Wordless communication, or body language, includes facial expressions, body movement and gestures, eye contact, posture, and the tone of your voice. By texting and emailing this barrier is created and confusion can happen. So, if it is an important conversation or an important message to relay to another person it is best to talk to them face to face. This would lower ones chances of distorting the message or creating more problems because of a distorted message. Identify the barriers that you put up can help you overcome them and communicate better with others. Effective communication helps us better understand a person or situation and enables us to resolve differences. By learning these effective communication skills, you can better connect with your spouse, kids, friends, and coworkers. References MUSCARELLO, P. (2012). Breaking the Communication Barrier. Business Officer, 46(1), 11-13.

Effects of poverty on malaria in the rural areas of India Research Paper

Effects of poverty on malaria in the rural areas of India - Research Paper Example The approach of irrigation is causing desertification of the fertile land. There are huge investments made by the central and state government towards developing alleviation programs of poverty. Such an approach has not been able to make the rural areas self reliant but in turn has increased the economic dependency amongst the daily wage workers. In the urban areas there are preventive measures taken by the government so that such diseases do not affect public health but on the contrary the rural areas malaria is linked with poverty majorly due to lack of accessibility towards proper health care facilities and due to environmental degradation. The specific problem that has been identified in this particular context is that malaria is causing huge number of deaths in the rural India. Though the government is taking initiatives but it is not being able to safeguard people from such diseases. The problem area for this research study is that there needs to be proper measures implemented in rural India or else the rate of such disease would be high with every passing year. The major aim of the research study would be to highlight the relationship between the poverty and malaria and even to bring forward certain cases that would depict how some operations that are performed on rural land are leading to increase in the number of death rates caused by malaria. This research study would be important for the audience as it would portray the real scenario of rural India and even outline the major reasons behind why such a disease is not been able to eliminated from the area. The study would even help to analyze the direct relationship between poverty and malaria and the efforts that should be made so that such a disease can be discarded from the root level. The research question for this study would be – â€Å"How does poverty in rural India has a direct relation with the major public health disease malaria?† This research question is aligned with the

How would you evaluate the performance of a bank using published Essay

How would you evaluate the performance of a bank using published accounting data. What other data would you use in this evaluation - Essay Example And according to many industry experts, a new era of global banking is emerging (Kubris-Labiak, 2005). It is important to have a method of analysing banks’ performance, in order that problems could be threshed out early on and government intervention could protect the public’s savings and preserve the public trust in the safety of the banking system in general (Mishkin & Eakins, 2003). The basic function of a bank is to source funds from savers, and to deploy the funds into productive undertakings by producers. (Madura, 1992). The degree to which banks are capable of discharging this function is the measure of its performance. (Fraser & Ormiston, 2001) The fundamental source of data for measuring bank performance is the income statement. This is the financial report that describes the source of income and expenses that affect the bank’s profitability (Saunders & Millon Cornett, 2008). This paper will walk through a hypothetical bank’s financial statement, which is given here as ABC Bank, a typical commercial bank. A cursory inspection of the income statement above shows several important items. Operating income is the income that comes from a bank’s ongoing operations. It is comprised of the interest income and non-interest income. Most of a bank’s income is interest income, because the banking function is basically that of converting deposits to loans that earn income. In the above table, interest income is shown to account for 73.5% of ABC Bank’s operating income. Interest income fluctuates with the level of interest rates. Non-interest income, on the other hand, makes up about 26.5% of total income in the above example, and is generated partly by service charges on deposit accounts. Typically, however, the bulk of non-interest income comes from off-balance sheet activities, such as trading in financial instruments and generating income from fees and loan sales. The importance of these activities

Causal Arument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causal Arument - Essay Example Some states legally allowed the use of marijuana for some diseases for which the doctors prescribed it as a medicine whereas some other states are still not allowing even the patients to use or keep marijuana under their possession. However, according to medical experts, marijuana use should not be encouraged because of the side effects it can generate later in the user’s life. â€Å"To date, marijuana is still classified as an illegal Schedule 1 drug by the Controlled Substances Act. It is defined as having "no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States" (Roth). American Federal courts are still convinced about the usefulness of marijuana. For them, marijuana is still an addictive and dangerous substance which can damage a person physically and psychologically. Spice, a herbal smoking mixture, is sold on the internet and in some shops in America labeled as legal and nicotine-free smoke. Many people in America are using Spice at present as a substitute to Marijuan a. However, scientific studies shown that Spice is also harmful to human health. Professor Leslie Iversen, chairman of the technical committee of the Advisory Council, said: â€Å"It is a very clever product, sold as a herbal smoking mixture from China, but containing chemicals which can be a lot more potent than cannabis† (Ford). This paper analyses the Spice as legal alternative to marijuana. Cannabis has been used for relaxation and meditation purposes for many thousands of years, and studies carried out today tell us the number of users is rising. Young people especially seem to be attracted to experimenting with mind-altering drugs, such as cannabis, and this can result in abuse, addiction, mental health problems, and prosecution. While cannabis itself is not physically addictive it can be dangerous for those with mental health issues and is often supplied by dealers who also have access to harder, highly addictive drugs (Casundara) â€Å"Herbs or blends of herbs that o ne can smoke as alternatives to marijuana or tobacco- The term marijuana alternatives mean just that. It does not mean we are offering legal marijuana or a marijuana substitute† (Legal Alternatives To Marijuana And Tobacco). Many people who are using Spice like alternate products instead of Marijuana have feeling that these products are less harmful than marijuana and it is legal to use these products in America. In fact Spice like substitute products for marijuana has not been prohibited in America yet and hence no criminal cases can be charged against such users. However, it doesn’t mean that these substitute products are less harmful or superior to marijuana. The only advantage of using spice like alternate product is that the user can escape from any kind of legal formalities in using it. According to a shop owner, â€Å"the demand for spice has doubled each month, and its sales now represent a third of his revenue. On some Fridays, his two District stores can brin g in $10,000 from the sale of spice alone†(Savage). The growing popularity of Spice over marijuana can be attributed mainly to the fewer barriers in getting it in America. No drug screening tests can detect Spice which made it one of the favorite substitutes for marijuana. Many of the Spice users believe that it is less harmful. However, â€Å"Nationwide, the American Association of Poison Control Centers logged 567 cases across 41 states in which people had suffered a bad reaction to spice during the first half of 2010. Just 13 cases were reported in 2009†

Socio-Economic and Political Changes in the Post-World War England Research Paper

Socio-Economic and Political Changes in the Post-World War England - Research Paper Example The Great War was an arena for women to enhance their ability to fight for equality as well as social status from which they had been barred as subordinate and inferior to aristocrats. This move resulted in the depletion of social dominance of the upper class and men. This change brought in the emergence of a new Labour party. The economic effect of the war was very much theatrical in England and other prominent countries that resulted in the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities. Until then England was the greatest creditor nation in the world with the widest fleet of commercial vessels. They were the monopoly for shipping and other numerous financial services to the rest of the world. England’s strive for domination of the world ended up in paying a huge price in the war. As an inevitable result, England had to leave itself heavily indebting to America. Subsequently, America emerged to be the new financial hub and political power of the world. In order to regulate the economic power of the society, they created government ministries and portfolios. With a motto to suddenly recover from economic crises, it had to force taxes and enactment of new laws. The war also weakened the financial status of provincial rulers and bureaucratized governments in England. Â  With the collapse of the British economy, all European nations increased their share of GDP. Britain had to surrender its extensive investment in the railroad to America for payment of purchases. In late 1916, America stopped loans to England and even asked them to repay the debt. England finally had to take the help of Germany in meeting the funds required for repayment of debts. The war developed macro-and microeconomic consequences in England. During the war, most families had lost their wage earner as a result women entered the job market with a stubborn sense of voting rights. The Royal British government had to force rationing system for sugar, meat, and fat. The rationing system was accepted by people with an amusingly increased number of people joining trade unions. With the rise in the workforce, strikes and lockouts became frequent in England during 1916 – 1918.

Does Science Prove there is a God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Does Science Prove there is a God - Essay Example be the reasons for certain death, but there are a number of other diseases which have the potential of making our lives miserable. These are some of the instances where science 'appears' to have scored a few points over the supernatural power, but the fact that hurricane Katrina, Cleveland Volcano and floods at many places keep happening, makes us believe that there's indeed something called the almighty. Eric Allin Cornell a renowned physicist has quite beautifully brought out the dilemma when he said1 "Let me pose you a question, not about God but about the heavens: "Why is the sky blue" I offer two answers: 1) The sky is blue because of the wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering; 2) The sky is blue because blue is the color God wants it to be." This statement is quite suggestive about how the scientific community accepts the presence of god. In his write up Cornell further commented that, "My scientific research has been in areas connected to optical phenomena, and I can tell you a lot about the Rayleigh-scattering answer. Neither I nor any other scientist, however, has anything scientific to say about answer No. 2, the God answer. Not to say that the God answer is unscientific, just that the methods of science don't speak to that answer". Though in general the scientific community has been taking its work ahead by picking up threads from the god's creation, but there are instances in history where religious practitioners and scientific community had been on collision course. For example the famous scientist Galileo, who is considered as the father of modern science and a major figure in the history of mankind, had to undergo a tragic experience in his life. His growing influence amongst masses led to clashes with religious clergies and the church became very critical of some of his theories. But the moot point is, neither has scientific researches stopped, nor the belief in the god. Instead, what can be said for sure is that, scientific researches have grown from strength to strengths together with the belief in the god. Francis Collins, an expert on topic related to genetics, carried out a comprehensive study on the 3 billion biochemical letters of our genetic blueprint, with a team of 2,400 multinational scientists. The objective was to study and analyze the god's creation i.e. the human being. He was in fact honored by the then President Bill Clinton in the year 2000 for this effort. In an interview when Collins was asked whether he believes that science is compatible with Christian faith. He responded by saying2, "Yes. God's existence is either true or not. But calling it a scientific question implies that the tools of science can provide the answer. From my perspective, God cannot be completely contained within nature, and therefore God's existence is

Teams in Production and Operations Management Research Paper

Teams in Production and Operations Management - Research Paper Example ow has many brands under it developing from the Toyota AA in 1936 to a group of companies that include the Lexus, Scion, Hino Motors and Daihatsu brands today. Toyota has grown steadily throughout the years and it overtook General Motors in 2008 to become the leading global manufacturer of automobiles. In 2006, the company was announced as the most profitable in the automotive industry with its profits rising to $11 billion in that year. During this period, its market share increased with improvement in sales across the board. The most notable increase in the company sales was observed in the US. The company has many subsidiaries and the Toyota Financial Services is the most notable. The company sells finances, as well as dealing with other investment and trading ventures. Apart from the brands that the company wholly owns, it has a 51% stake in the Daihatsu brand, 5.9% in Isuzu Motors Ltd., and 16.7% in Fuji Heavy Industries a company that also manufactures Subaru vehicles. Other products include hybrid vehicles that run on gasoline and electricity, an automated parking system and economy shifting and eight speed automatic transmission ve hicles among many other inventions. Toyota has a large market share in the United States, Africa, Australia and Asia. However, the market share is relatively small in Europe. In 2005, there were 8.54 million vehicles that were produced by Toyota together with its half-owned subsidiary, Daihatsu Motors. This figure represents about 500,000 less in the number that General Motors produced in the same year. The Daihatsu conglomerate can be considered to be the fastest growing branch of the company in Southeast Asia. Considering the competition that is present in the Far East Asia countries, the company can be considered as having a very sound marketing campaign as it has a substantial market share in those countries also. Fortune Global 500 placed Toyota as the fifth largest company in the world. After the recession that was

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay Example for Free

Adam Smith the Father of Modern Economics Essay The article, Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand by Helen Joyce, proved to be interesting reading. Although it was written about three years ago and the man himself lived more than 300 years ago, the man and his theories live on through the 21st century. Before I read the article, I had never heard of Adam Smith, but it appears his ideas have penetrated time. I started doing more research into the man and his theories. In order to understand his theories and how he thought about processes, one must understand his beginnings. Adam Smith was born in Scotland. He attended Glasgow University then Oxford University. It was his experience in this stay at Oxford that was the basis for the vital observations about universities found in The Wealth of Nations. He was selected as the Professor of Logic at Glasgow and later, Professor of Moral Philosophy. He lectured on spirituality, moral principles and political economy. His first book The Theory of Moral Sentiments established his status. He sought to understand what it was that led us to care about the welfare of others. With that book complete, he gave less attention to his theories of morals and more to political economy. Later, he made the decision to give up his university post by becoming a tutor to the Duke of Buccleuch. They traveled mainly in France, where Smith came to know many of the intellectual leaders of the country. He began a dissertation on economics. It was published as The Wealth of Nations, and on this work rests the ongoing acknowledgement of him as the father of economics. He had very provocative ideas in the book. It was a work that altered the world of economics. Many say it reformed the world itself. He asserts that wealth is steadily created by rising labor output through two key factors (1) the division of labor, encouraged by trade the natural propensity to truck, barter and exchange and also (2) the growth of capital, made possible by the natural inclination of people toward thriftiness. For example, Smith alleged that a system of natural liberty allowed the self-interest of the person to be attached for the good of society, through what he called the â€Å"division of labor and the accumulation of capital. He argued that the free market is an clever device which regulates itself through supply and demand. His purpose was pretty clear: not to advance the interests of any class, but to push the wealth of the entire country. Whatever a nation consumes must be either produced from its labor or purchased in trade. There is no other basis for spending or a standard of living. He assumed that, in fiscal life, the main inspiring force central to man’s actions was self-interest. He argued that, with the right institutional frame, men following their own self -interest would serve the general good. This framework did not call for wide government law. The best plan is to leave the fiscal method alone. This has come to be known as free enterprise. Largely through his book, these principles helped to guide the then rapidly increasing economic activity. And wealth, as he saw it, consisted of goods which all people could consume. This was a democratic; and for that time, radical principle that he adhered to with notable stability. He produced a document that he expected to be used in the conduct of governments. The book presents a persuasive argument for a new approach to economic policy. Smith offered future economists with the makeup of the discipline of economics. His vision of a competitive market balance following a path of growth to wealth and abundance defined the problems that economists have wrestled with ever since His purely scientific contribution has been vast, and in its basic structure his framework still remains the heart of modern economics. On one level, it is an attack on the opinions of his people written for its own time and directed against the existing policies of government. On another level, it is an optimistic thesis that deals with basic troubles of order in human society It is an enthralling mix of ideas. In the most radical age of Western culture, when the uproar of social and intellectual upheaval puzzled lesser men, Adam Smith gave the world order. He did not invent the market or economics. He taught the world about them. For nearly 75 years, his writings supplied most of what economists knew. If there are more people per the amount of GDP, the standard of living is lower. If there are fewer people, it is higher. The GDP per capita the measure of the wealth of the nation is the product of the amount of labor productivity of that nation. The available land or other natural resources is not a decisive factor. He provided the root details of what causes labor productivity to be high or low in a nation. The theme of the book is explaining how labor productivity is resolute by the extent of the division of labor the dividing of work into a much greater number of parts. When the market is very small, when the population density is sparse, it is impossible to achieve much in the way of a division of labor. The more people that could crowd into a place, the greater the amount of specialization among occupations and the greater the marginal productivity, rather than the lesser. There is still controversy about Adam Smith and his account on the invisible hand. Simply put the invisible hand is a notion based on the law of chance. Every person intends only his or her own gain, but though a set of policies that he referred to as the system of natural liberty the good of the nation would be the accidental result. His â€Å"invisible hand is the new method of social life. He described the invisible hand in this way: Individuals naturally intend only their own gain, but unintentionally promote the general interest. He also suggests that ethics is based on sentiment, feelings of empathy between us and other people. He wrote consider how others would fairly judge their behavior before acting on matters that would involve conscience or moral judgment. The best course toward wealth and away from poverty and want is for a nations political rulers to allow for the unplanned result of self-interest, of private property rights, and of self-regulating rivalry under rules of free trade. As the economy globalizes, corporations flourish, and as societies agonize over which issues to settle according to the principles of right and wrong and which to settle according to economic principles. We see the tension between choosing to adhere to the ancient values of tradition, honor and command, or to the modern values of the business firm and the marketplace. The future global economy will tell if the invisible hand is a principle to rely on now and in the future. Though he passed away in 1790 his ideas have surely helped shape the way economists around the globe think, globally.

In Your Own Words Essay Example for Free

In Your Own Words Essay In a researched proposal, it addresses a particular project academic or scientific research. A research proposal contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research being proposed. Thus, this why a proposal is written, it is a scheme from a sellers to a prospective customer. Overall the main purpose is to fulfill the requirements of a client, which I will explain how General Motors will address throughout this proposal. Overview Section In my proposal the researched goals are to understand what makes General Motors successful. We will do this by making a stronger commitment to our customers (We hear you loud and clear), our employees, and partners. I will address the steps we will take in fulfilling our obligations below: Customers In making a stronger commitment to our customers, General Motors will make more fuel-efficient vehicles by building vehicles that get 30 mpg or more. We will produce a pug in vehicle by the name of the Chevrolet Volt, which will show our consumers and potential consumers we are innovative. The Chevy Volt, with its core technology that will drive a higher volume for electrification of automobiles and we also will be expanding our selling to China and Australia, giving our competitors something to scratch their heads about. Additionally, we want to deliver best quality vehicles and this is a major cornerstone of true commitment to our valued customers. Therefore, having a relationship with customers is essential; we strive to create passionate brand of supporters, who cherish their vehicles. We want them to openly tell other of their experience with our innovative vehicles. In addition, being innovative, we know this is something we must do! We challenge us to become more innovative and that ensures we will lead in everything we do! This extends to implementing the smallest improvements to execute bigger ideals. We are constantly increasing our competitive advantage to delight and excite our customers. Employees In making a stronger commitment to our employees, we understand Safety and Quality comes first. Safety is and always be a priority here at GM. Emphasizes will be concentrated on our safety first culture, in our facilities, and with the growth of our businesses in new markets. We will offer incentives to our employees for working safely and productively, such incentive a paid one day off, gift cards, and discounts off vehicles. We will make sure that our employee’s practice our new safety philosophy which is safety is at the heart of development of each one of our vehicles. Partners In making a stronger commitment to our partners, we understand creating lifelong partners that we want here at GM, we take nothing for granted in our efforts are to earn the confidences and loyalty of our partners. We listen to partners to ensure we meet all their needs, and are connecting with them on their terms. General Motors business problems Currently, the business problems General Motors is having is financial, speculated by a few business experts, who have confidence in the company being able to continue in its present form even though it filed bankruptcy in 2006 (Taylor, J, 2013). There are numerous business problems the company is facing, but I will only speak of one which is legacy costs, it’s the caring for General Motor’s retired and injured employees. The union United Auto Worker, have negotiated regularly nice wages, pensions and health care, which protect their member. The profit margin in booming times on automobiles could include buffers to cover the ongoing costs of payments to retirees, hence the financial problem, can’t pay what they agreed. In contrast to foreign competitors and newcomers to auto industry do not have the same problems with their profits. This has forced cash trapped buyers to turn to more affordable cars. General Motors Competition According to General Motor’s Strategic Analysis, the key competitors GM, who’s domestic, are: Daimler/Chrysler, Ford Motor and who are foreign are: Toyota Motor and Honda Motor (Thomas, C, n. d. ). In explanation of why they are competitors Daimler Chrysler placed itself as an industry leader, since, it manufactures brands such as: Dodge, Mercedes Benz, and Jeep. As for Ford Motor Company, two vital businesses are automotive and financial services. Ford has concentrated on reducing cost to raise margins further than its competitors. Thus, Honda Motor Company, it has reliable confident reputation for producing high quality products from cars to motorcycles. Toyota Motor Company has three major brands Toyota, Lexus, and Scion these let Toyota reach many sectors of the globe in a choice of vehicle for the customers. Concluding why General Motors is the leader of its competitors, it manufactures more brands than its competitors, these brands are: Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, Buick, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Daewoo, Opel, and Holden. It’s to no wonder why our economy rested on GM success. (Thomas, C, n. d. Population Sample In my population sample for customer attitudes and behaviors, I will use cluster sampling in the selection of how I will gather this information needed. I know as the researcher that population that will be under scrutiny is those ethnicities that do the most purchasing, sadly but true its minorities. According to the Consumer Expenditure Survey that was conducted by the Federal Bureau of Labor S tatistics, minorities spend up to 30% more than that of whites who have comparable incomes (BLS. gov, 2013). Their age would range from 35-64 years old. I will you this age because consumers are spending at 63% (BLS. gov, 2013), now for determining how they will feel about company products and services. As I understand population sample is a process through a group of representative individuals are select from the population for the sole purpose of statistical analysis. I know my population sample must be done correctly, since if errors occur, my data will be misleading or invalid. Steps in the research process In identifying the steps in the research process, my first step would be to identify and develop my research topic. I can do so by, stating what I want to research. Second step: find background information on the subject, utilizing internet as resource for gathering information. Third Step: usage of books and media, I will use guided keyword searches to find material by topic or subject, and writing down in both steps 2 and 3 my sources. Fourth Step: search periodical articles, this will be to find citations to articles. Fifth Step: evaluate what I found, critically analyzing information sources. Sixth Step: cite what I found using standard form, just giving credit where credit is due.